In this 2.5 minute video, Carl Sagan lucidly explains how Eratosthenes not only deduced a spherical earth, but accurately calculated its diameter in 200 B.C.
ICYMI, Friday's links are here, and include the history and calculations behind Easter's varying dates, a gallery of Easter bunnies terrifying children, and a collection of videos of violence against marshmallow peeps.
Here is a brain consumed by the fire of a star. It frees itself in its work just before the catastrophe. Deepest tragedy takes place here, real tragedy, natural tragedy, exemplary tragedy.
~ Paul Klee (1879-1940) (of Van Gogh, diary, March 1908)
Dutch painter Vincent Willem Van Gogh (wiki) was born on March 30, 1853 (1853-1890) in Groot Zundert, the Netherlands. The most renowned of the post-impressionist painters, Van Gogh began his career with relatively conventional work, but after moving to Paris and coming under the influence of Pissarro (wiki), he adopted the more colorful style for which he is revered. Most of his best work was done in a frenzied 29-month period that ended in his suicide at Arles in 1890.
Although they'd rarely been seen until recently, Vincent van Gogh kept sketchbooks - in an 1882 letter to his brother Theo, he wrote: “My sketchbook shows that I try to catch things ‘in the act.’”
At Amsterdam’s Van Gogh Museum, Molly Oldfield, as recounted in The Secret Museum, found the artist’s seven surviving sketchbooks, only four with their original cover, meticulously stored in the prints and drawings archive. She has published them, along with sixty other never-before-seen “treasures too precious to display” from the archives and secret storage locations of some of the world’s top cultural institutions.
Of Van Gogh's early sketchbooks, Oldfield writes:
The first image he sketched in it was a church in Nuenen (above). He later painted this church in View of the Sea at Scheveningen and Congregation Leaving the Reformed Church at Nuenen. Curiously, the two paintings once hung in the Amsterdam museum but were stolen in 2002. It remains unknown where they are or who took them, and the pencil sketch from Van Gogh’s notebook endures as the only trace of the missing masterpieces.
‘View of the Sea at Scheveningen’ by Vincent van Gogh, 1882
‘Congregation Leaving the Reformed Church at Nuenen’ by Vincent van Gogh, 1884
Van Gogh’s sunflower sketches from the final sketchbook
An obscure incident in the history of Niagara Falls: In 1848, the falls stopped. There was no water flowing over the great cataract for 30 or 40 hours. People freaked out.
The falls were already a tourist attraction by 1848, and villages had grown up on both the U.S. and Canadian sides of the river to accommodate the sightseeing throngs. Residents also built waterwheels to harness the Niagara River’s power to run mills and drive machinery in factories.
An American farmer out for a stroll shortly before midnight on March 29 was the first to notice something. Actually, he noticed the absence of something: the thundering roar of the falls. When he went to the river’s edge, he saw hardly any water.
Came the dawn of March 30, people awoke to an unaccustomed silence. The mighty Niagara was a mere trickle. Mills and factories had to shut down, because the waterwheels had stopped.
The bed of the river was exposed. Fish died. Turtles floundered about. Brave — or foolish — people walked on the river bottom, picking up exposed guns, bayonets and tomahawks as souvenirs.
The "burned-over district" was so heavily evangelized as to have nothing left to "burn" (convert).
Was it the end of the world? Divine retribution for what some folks thought was a U.S. war of aggression against Mexico? Theological explanations abounded, because western New York state had been a Burned-Over District for half a century, with recurring waves of religious revivals and the rise of several new denominations and religions.
Thousands of people filled the churches to attend special services. They prayed for the falls to start flowing and the world to continue, or for salvation and forgiveness of their sins as the Last Judgment approached.
No one knew why the falls had stopped. The telegraph was still a new invention. Railroads served towns on both sides of the river, but the tracks were unreliable, and Buffalo — the nearest big city — was three hours away even when the trains ran on schedule.
But it was from Buffalo that word eventually arrived that explained the bare falls and dry riverbed. Strong southwest gale winds had pushed huge chunks of lake ice to the extreme northeastern tip of Lake Erie, blocking the lake’s outlet into the head of the Niagara River. The ice jam had become an ice dam.
And just as news traveled inward, news also traveled outward. Thousands came from nearby cities and towns to look at the spectacle of Niagara Falls without water. People crossed the riverbed on foot, on horseback and in horse-drawn buggies. Mounted U.S. Army cavalry soldiers paraded up and down the empty Niagara River.
Dangerous as that all may sound, for there was no telling when the rushing waters might return, one entrepreneur used the hiatus to do some safety work. The Maid of the Mist sightseeing boat had been taking tourists on river rides below the falls since 1846, and there were some dangerous rocks it always had to avoid, Now that the river was not running and the rocks were in plain sight, the boat’s owner sent workers out to blast the rocks away with explosives.
March 30 was not the only dry day. No water flowed over the falls throughout the daylight hours of March 31.
But that night, a distant rumble came from upriver. The low-pitched noise drew nearer and louder. Suddenly, a wall of water came roaring down the upper Niagara River and over the falls with a giant thunder.
The ice jam had cleared, and river was running again. Nothing like it would ever happen again.
Almost.
The Army Corp of Engineers turned off the American Falls (the U.S. side of the river) in 1969. They built cofferdams above the falls to divert all the water to the Canadian Horseshoe Falls. (Well, it was all the water not already diverted for hydroelectric generation.)
The corps was looking for a way to remove the rocks that have piled up at the base of the American Falls, threatening some day to turn the waterfall into rapids. Nothing doing: The engineers decided it just wouldn’t be practical, and that removing the accumulated talus could undermine the cliff behind it and even speed the crumbling process.
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